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Nathaniel
Hawthorne
Hawthorne was a Novelist and a short story writer;
he was the vital figure in the American Revitalization.
Hawthorne's best-known works include The Scarlet
Letter and The House of The Seven Gables. Writers
like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman
Melville, and Hawthorne looked not only to the Puritan
origins of American history, but also to Puritan
styles of rhetoric to create an idiosyncratic American
literary voice.
"Not to be deficient in this particular,
the author has provided himself with a moral, the
truth, namely, that the wrongdoing of one generation
lives into the successive ones."
(Amoia, Alba, 1998)
Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts.
His father was a sea captain and descendent of John
Hathorne, one of the adjudicators in the Salem witchcraft
trials of 1692. He died when Nathaniel was four
year old. Hawthorne grew up in solitude with his
widowed mother, he leaned on her for emotional succor
and vice versa, and this situation Hawthorne carried
with him into adulthood. Later he wrote to his friend
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: "I have
locked myself in a dungeon and I can't find the
key to get out." (Hoeltje, Hubert H. 1962)
Hawthorne was educated at the Bowdoin College
in Maine. In school in the amongst his friends were
Longfellow and Franklin Pierce, who became the 14th
president of the U.S. Between the years 1825 and
1836 Hawthorne worked as a writer and contributor
to periodicals. Among Hawthorne's friends was John
L. O'Sullivan, whose magazine the Democratic Review
published two dozen stories by him. Hawthorne's
first novel, Fanshawe, appeared anonymously at his
own expense in 1828. The work was based on his college
life. It did not attract much attention and the
author burned the unsold copies. However, the book
initiated a friendship between Hawthorne and the
published Samuel Goodrich. He edited in 1836 the
American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge
in Boston, and compiled in 1837.
In 1842 Hawthorne became friends with the
Transcendentalists in Concord, Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, but by and
large he did not have much self-assurance in intellectuals
and artists. He married in 1842 Sophia Peapody,
an active contestant in the Transcendentalist movement,
and settled with her in Concord.
Hawthorne was one of the first American
writers to explore the hidden motivations of his
characters.
He once wrote of his workroom: "This
deserves to be called a haunted chamber, for thousands
and thousands of visions have appeared to me in
it." (Wagenknecht, Edward, 1961)
The Custom-House draft, prefatory to The
Scarlet Letter, was based partly on his experiences
in Salem. The novel appeared in 1850 and told a
story of the first victims of Puritan mania and
religious ferocity. The central idea is the effect
of responsibility, apprehension and sorrow.
Hawthorne's picture of the sin-obsessed
Puritans was later censured, they were a far more
relaxed people than offered in the works of Hawthorne,
Arthur Miller, Steven King, and many others. The
House of the Seven Gables was published next year.
It focused on a family legacy, which operates as
an innate curse by one of the victims of the 17th-century
Salem witchcraft trials. The story was based on
the fable of a curse, which was pronounced on Hawthorne's
own family by a woman who was condemned to death
during the Salem witchcraft trials. The nuisance
is mirrored in the rot of the Pyncheon family's
seven-gabled mansion. Finally the descendant of
the killed woman marries a young niece of the family,
and the hereditary sin ends. The Blithedale Romance
was set in a utopian New England community. Hawthorne
had earlier invested and lived in the Brook Farm
Commune, West Roxbury.
In 1853 Franklin Pierce became President
and Hawthorne, who had written a campaign biography
for him, was appointed the consulship in Liverpool,
England. He lived there for four years and spent
a year and half in Italy writing The Marble Faun,
a story about the conflicts between innocence and
guilt. It was his last completed novel. In his Concord
home, The Wayside, he wrote the essays contained
in Our Old Home. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864,
in Plymouth, N.H. on a trip to the mountains with
his friend Franklin Pierce. After his death his
wife edited and published his notebooks. Modern
editions of these works comprise many of the sections
which she cut out or distorted.
References
Amoia, Alba, Hawthorne's Rome: Then and Now, Nathaniel
Hawthorne Review, 1998, pg 25.
Hoeltje,
Hubert H. Inward sky; the mind and heart of Nathaniel
Hawthorne. Durham, NC, 1962, pg 31.
Wagenknecht,
Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne: man and writer. NY,
1961, pg16. |
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